福州四个乳牛场乳牛流行热的调查报告

：１９９１年９～１０月．福州市北门等四个乳牛场流行牛流行热。成年、怀孕后期、高产的母牛发病率和死亡率高，临床上有呼吸、消化、神经等３种症状，病理变化主要是肺出血、肺水肿和肺气肿，达３．８％。临床上常出现２～３次重复感染。在治疗方面，对于严重缺氧病牛，采用３％过氧水溶在１０～２０％葡萄糖注射液内滴注，比用氧气瓶经鼻吸入或皮下注射补氧，更易在基层推广应用。     

牦牛牛群结构及周转优化方案

通过对我省和大通牛场牦牛牛群结构现状的调查研究,编制出不同母牛比例的牛群结构及周转表。在四年的试验期内,采取压缩驮牛、育成牛比例和保护适龄母牛的措施,使大通牛场的生产母牛比例由45.06％提高到52.71％后,繁殖成活率,总增率,奶、肉产量,总产值分别达到63.60％,23.53％,5000ks,1460kS,111.21万元,和1985年相比,分别提高12.9％,5.4％,11.94％,38.33％,14.67％,死亡率降低到1.81％。实践证明提出的方案是可行的,经济效益显著。     

Changes in various metabolic parameters in blood and milk during experimental Escherichia coli mastitis for primiparous Holstein dairy cows during early lactation

Background

The objective of this study was to characterize the changes in various metabolic parameters in blood and milk during IMI challenge with Escherichia coli (E. coli) for dairy cows during early lactation. Thirty, healthy primiparous Holstein cows were infused (h = 0) with ~20-40 cfu of live E. coli into one front mammary quarter at ~4-6 wk in lactation. Daily feed intake and milk yield were recorded. At –12, 0, 3, 6, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, 96, 108, 120, 132, 144, 156, 168, 180 and 192 h relative to challenge rectal temperatures were recorded and quarter foremilk was collected for analysis of shedding of E. coli. Composite milk samples were collected at -180, -132, -84, -36, -12, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, 84, 96, 132 and 180 h relative to challenge (h = 0) and analyzed for lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), somatic cell count, fat, protein, lactose, citrate, beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA), free glucose (fglu), and glucose-6-phosphate (G6P). Blood was collected at -12, 0, 3, 6, 12, 18, 24, 36, 60, 72, 84, 132 and 180 h relative to challenge and analyzed for plasma non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), BHBA and glucose concentration. A generalized linear mixed model was used to determine the effect of IMI challenge on metabolic responses of cows during early lactation.

Results

By 12 h, E. coli was recovered from challenged quarters and shedding continued through 72 h. Rectal temperature peaked by 12 h post-challenge and returned to pre-challenge values by 36 h post-IMI challenge. Daily feed intake and milk yield decreased (P <0.05) by 1 and 2 d, respectively, after mastitis challenge. Plasma BHBA decreased (12 h; P <0.05) from 0.96 ± 1.1 at 0 h to 0.57 ± 0.64 mmol/L by 18 h whereas concentration of plasma NEFA (18 h) and glucose (24 h) were significantly greater, 11 and 27%, respectively, after challenge. In milk, fglu, lactose, citrate, fat and protein yield were lower whereas yield of BHBA and G6P were higher after challenge when compared to pre-challenge values.

Conclusions

Changes in metabolites in blood and milk were most likely associated with drops in feed intake and milk yield. However, the early rise in plasma NEFA may also signify enhanced adipose tissue lipolysis. Lower concentrations of plasma BHBA may be attributed to an increase transfer into milk after IMI. Decreases in both milk lactose yield and % after challenge may be partly attributed to reduced conversion of fglu to lactose. Rises in G6P yield and concentration in milk after challenge (24 h) may signify increased conversion of fglu to G6P. Results identify changes in various metabolic parameters in blood and milk after IMI challenge with E. coli in dairy cows that may partly explain the partitioning of nutrients and changes in milk components after IMI for cows during early lactation.     

山东省牛场粪污处理现状的调研报告

介绍山东省牛场粪污处理现状,分析养牛业粪污处理中存在的问题,并提出了解决山东省养牛业粪污处理的建议.     

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi improve the growth and phosphorus uptake of mung bean plants fertilized with composted rock phosphate fed dung in alkaline soil environment

Abstract

Inoculation effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on phosphorus (P) transfer from composted dung of cattle with a diet supplemented with powdered rock phosphate (RP) and their successive uptake by mung bean plants was assessed in alkaline soil. The efficacy of composted RP fed dung alone or/and in combination with AMF inoculums containing six different species were compared with SSP in six replicates per treatment in pots. The results showed that the association of AMF with composted RP fed dung had a positive effect on mung bean shoot (3.04?g) and root (2.62?g) biomass, chlorophyll (a, b), carotenoid contents and N (58.38?mg plant^?1) and P (4.61?mg plant^?1) uptake. Similarly, the percent roots colonization (56%) and nodulation of mung bean plant roots and their post-harvest soil properties were also improved by the inoculation of AMF together with composted RP fed dung. It is concluded that the combined application of AMF with composted RP fed dung has almost the same effect as SSP for improving mung bean plants growth and their nutrients uptake. Moreover, AMF inoculants can be used as a suitable biofertilizer in combination with locally available organic sources of fertilizers for improving P status and growth of plants in alkaline soils.     

青海省牛隐孢子虫感染状况的调查研究

对青海省牦牛、奶牛和黄牛的281份牛粪样进行隐孢子虫检查,发现隐孢子虫感染率为36.65%,其中牦牛为39.74%、黄牛为35.00%、奶牛为32.73%。犊牛感染率高于成年牛,暖季感染率高于冷季。     

奶牛临床型乳腺炎病原菌分离试验

对 34份患临床型乳腺炎的乳样进行细菌分离培养及初步生化反应鉴定 ,检出肠科细菌 12株 ,检出率为 35 .3% ;球菌2 6株 ,检出率为 76 .5 % ;酵母菌 9株 ,检出率为 2 6 .5 % ;另有 7份乳样在分离培养过程中未见有细菌生长 ,占总检样的 2 0 .6 %。     

急性临床型奶牛乳房炎病原菌的分离鉴定与药敏试验

本文对一起群发性急性临床型奶牛乳房炎进行了病原分离鉴定、致病性及药敏试验,结果表明该乳房炎是由金黄色葡萄球菌、停乳链球菌和铜绿假单胞菌混合感染引起,其中金黄色葡萄球菌和铜绿假单胞菌对小鼠表现出较强的致病性,三株菌对兽医临床常用抗生素均表现出较强的耐药性。     

SNPs在荷斯坦青年公牛选育中的应用研究

本试验以25头荷斯坦青年种公牛为研究对象,以8头验证种公牛的各8头女儿共计64头中国荷斯坦牛为参照群体,利用DNA测序方法检测κ-CN基因、leptin基因、DGAT1基因、DGAT2基因的SNP位点,结果共发现7个SNP位点,并利用7个SNP的标记效应对25头青年荷斯坦种公牛生产性能进行了基因组育种值估测。结果发现s1、s2、s3、s4、s5、s6、s7、s10、s11、s13、s16、s18、s19、s20、s21、s22、s23和s24青年公牛生产性能高,s8、s9、s12、s14、s15、s17、s25公牛生产性能低。     

三峡库区石漠化地区牛粪中钾元素在土壤-甜高粱体系中的分布与利用

为了研究在施用不同量牛粪后土壤-甜高粱体系中钾元素的利用和分布情况,试验分析了牛粪、甜高粱及土壤试验前后速效钾、全钾含量和甜高粱产量。结果表明:试验前在最浅层(0～≤5 cm)土壤中速效钾含量极显著低于>5～≤10 cm、>10～≤15 cm、>15～≤20 cm土层(P<0.01),4个土层土壤钾含量分别为27.73,43.27,42.97,40.40 mg/kg;试验后各土壤层全钾、速效钾含量与试验前相比均有增加;不同施肥处理对甜高粱速效钾含量的影响不显著(P>0.05);施化肥组甜高粱总产量极显著高于其他各组(P<0.01);钾元素在植株茎叶及根系中的富集作用表现为茎叶>根系。说明单施有机肥不是最佳施肥方式,需要有机肥、无机肥混合施入。